Creating a Title for my Self Portrait

I was originally happy to have my piece untitled as since its a self portrait I thought it should speak for itself. However after a tutorial and feedback it seems like my final portrait does need a title as the message isn't as clear as I first thought:

 I am now worried if I present the image as a stand alone piece it will get interpreted out of context. I want a title which doesn't tell the audience what to think exactly but allows an initial thought provoking phrase which encourages them to view it from terms of looking at the soul and at the personality of someone then they are free to go from there. Therefore I have researched into literature about the soul. I began by looking at influential quotes and these are some which I found particularly interesting:

"Let my soul smile through my heart and my heart smile through my eyes, that I may scatter rich smiles in sad hearts." - Paramahansa Yogananda

(http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/p/paramahans163486.html#fxy2SYUb2WoZ5JgM.99)

I really like this quote because it combines the idea of the soul along with human elements such as eyes which relates to my portrait in terms of it combining the two concepts. However it doesn't relate to my meaning of personality too much.

"The beauty of a woman is not in a facial mode but the true beauty in a woman is reflected in her soul. It is the caring that she lovingly gives the passion that she shows. The beauty of a woman grows with the passing years." - Audrey Hepburn
(http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/audreyhepb413483.html#3vvbqQqDc0KqHfXf.99)

This quote is by Audrey Hepburn who is an icon and role model for a lot of people anyway and I love the way in this quote that she explains and says exactly what I wanted to say in my image and through my work. She talks about how the soul is most important and I completely agree.

"Every flower is a soul blossoming in nature." - Gerard De Nerval

(http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/g/gerarddene166111.html#xHj3AtqiM4Tf7d0y.99)

This quote seems very appropriate to my final image because it talks about the soul in terms of flowers and my image represents my soul through the flowers. I feel like it could possibly be a slight distraction however because it aims your focus at nature and thats not the focus of my image.

I have deiced a quote would be the best way to go as a title because it is other human beings talking about there ideas and thoughts about the soul. I don't feel comfortable putting my own quotes in because I am better with imagery than wording. Therefore I think I will pick the quote by Audrey Hepburn as it matches my image the most sutably and it expresses the same opinions as me. However I feel like because she is well know a quote coming from her will bear more influence over an audience than a quote by me would. Originally I didn't want one which told the audience how to think however this quote is so influential I feel like it could really help strengthen my piece.

Printing my Final

Now I have chosen my final I then needed to print it to a high standard ready to present and exhibit. I decided I wanted larger print so that all my detail was visible and easy to see so I chose to do it A3 as at the time this was the biggest size available. I experimented with the printer supplied in one of the class rooms to see what results I can achieve with this. Here are my experiments:

I have experimented with glossy printing on the left hand side which as you can see has created a lighter picture however it hasn't given me the right fleshy tones which I require. I then tried with the matt paper on the right to see what a matt image would look like. I preferred matt a lot more because it kept it much softer without having too much reflection to it. However this printer seemed to desaturate my image leaving it looking very bland and grey.

This led me to go and get my image professionally printed at a printers. I got it printed in matt again as this was my preferred finish. I achieved much better colour and contrast in this print:

Now I am going to mount it on foam board ready to exhibit!

Choosing my Final Self Portrait

After completing my second set of edits which were much more successful I then needed to choose a final which I would print and present. I went through my images thinking about them in terms of composition and most importantly meaning. These are the three favourites which I limited it down to:

Edit 1 Colour:

I really love this one because of how the shapes of the flowers flow with my body and blend with me really well. Also I think the message is clear as well.

Edit 2 Black and White:

I love the textures created in this edit because of the black and white. I also think they add a really graceful element to my body. I feel like the message was soft but clear in this one.

Edit 10 Colour:

This was a slightly darker one but I really love the patterns the branches create across my face and body. I feel like it gives a bolder statement about my personality being fiery and passionate.

 I then got opinions from my colleges and friends etc to see which image appealed to an outside viewer. I found that most peoples favourite was Edit 1 Colour at the top. This is because it blended the best but had a clear message. Therefore this is the one which I am going to print for my final.

Self Portrait Shoot 2 Edits

Again to make these edits I used the same process that I used in shoot 1 as I felt like I had refined this. I chose layering materials from my own photography work that I had either used in shoot 1  and it worked successfully or I chose similar images that had a lot of interesting shapes and curves. I felt like this set blended much better with the portraits because the portraits had a lot better lighting to them and the photos looked more professional. Here are my final favourites:

Edit 1 colour:

I am really happy with how this image turned out because I have managed to position the shapes of the flowers and grass so that it flows really nicely with the shapes of my body. I also used a subtle blending techniques so that it worked well with the lighting on my body. This means that the lightest parts of my body are also the lightest parts of the flowers and then the parts of my body that fade into shadow do the same on the flowers too. This makes it blend as if it is actually part of me however the colours are so opposed to one another that you can still understand the message I want to convey about looking at personality as opposed to exterior looks.


Edit 1 Black and White:

I tried this same edit but in Black and White to see if this enhanced the image at all. I feel like it makes even more contrast between the light and the dark on my body but it makes it harder to see the image that is layered on top. Therefore I feel like I actually detract from the message and so if I choose this one to print I would keep it in colour.


Edit 2 Colour:

I feel with this image that the shapes of the feathers blend well with the shapes of my body however they also darken the image a lot. When I tried to brighten the top image up with the settings I then lost too much detail from it and you couldn't recognise the feathers enough. I tried to find a middle ground where you could see the feathers and what they were but also see how much light I could put in the image. I feel like this still isn't enough therefore I probably would need to experiment with printing this one to see if its too dark or not.


Edit 2 Black and White:

Again I put this image into Black and White to see how this would change it. I feel like it adds a more graceful and classy feel to it. It also allowed me to make the image brighter but still being able to see the feathers. The feathers are more interesting in black and white because you can see even more texture in them now. I feel with this image it would print more successfully in black and white.


Edit 3 Colour:

When editing this image I found it really hard to get the shapes of the butterflies to blend in with the curves of my face. This led me to try and make it more of an abstract attempt. I did this by using a different blending effect so that it is primarily the colours of the layered butterfly image which stand out and come through onto my body. I like this but it does also confuse the yen as well because it is more difficult to tell whats going on and therefore it distorts the message too. I think there is also too many distracting features of the butterfly image as well like the bit of orange in the bottom right hand corner. I did try and dull this down but it just made the image look very dark. I feel this isn't the one that I will use as my final.


Edit 3 Black and White:

I then tried putting this same edit into black and white to see if this would mute the distractions in the butterfly image. It does do this to a certain extent however because the black and white enhancing the texture again your eye isn't drawn to the butterflies but instead to the orange in the bottom right.  Therefore I feel that keeping it in colour is a better approach because at least then you can still see the shapes of the butterflies easier.


Edit 4:

With this image I thought the flower would blend in really well because my other flower images were most successful however because the colour of this flower was so pale it seemed to be really washed out. There also wasn't enough tone in it to allow me to blend it in with the shadows. This is why instead I took an abstract approach by just having the flower over m face. I however wanted you to be able to see my eyes so I made them visible. This however has made a rather unsettling and creepy effect with I really like but its not intended. This means it does not work well with the message o this project and I don't think this will be final.



Edit 5:

With this image I feel like the blending works well and the composition of the two images matches each other which is why the shapes work so well together. I again used a subtle blending setting which allowed it to have much more of a natural feel to it which I prefer to abstract ones anyway. However my concern with this is that because the layered image is of a sculpture made of rubbish which I photographeed it may convey a bad message about me. The layered image is a representation for mine personality and even though its of a sculpture it could be construed as a negative representation for myself.


Edit 6:

 With this image I tried another flower again but this time I chose a bright flower as the last flower I tried was too pale. However I feel like I couldn't get the position right in turns of matching the shapes up with my body. This is because the original flower image was a close up so it gave me less room to move it about and it was harder to blend. I like how subtle and faint I have made the flower on top however I really don't think the yellow works with the colours of my face well at all. Therefore I don't think I will be printing this for my final.


Edit 7:

I really like the composition of the original image here with my face straight on and the shadow on one side and the light on the other. Its simplistic yet dramatic with a lot of contrast and this is exactly the kind of photos I wanted. I used the layering material of the owl as this was successful at layering in shoot 1. I feel like it works well here too because it adds a lot of pattern and colour to the photo and I feel like it represents the personality well. It blends in with the light and the shadows too. The only thing which I feel isn't as effective here is that the shapes in the owl photo don't line up with the shapes in the portrait. This means there are a few sections which seem too busy and other which are too empty such as the light on my forehead. I am still not sure weather I would use this as my final.


Edit 8:

With this edit I tired to have the fire appearing from my hair as this seemed like a good way to create a blend in two very different photos. However I don't feel like I got the shapes of the fire just right and it seems to be covering over too much of my body too. It was really hard to find an effect or opacity that worked with both images because the fire was such a bright image but the portrait had a lot of shadow in it. I feel like this image is visually interesting but not refined enough to be a final.


Edit 9:

In this image I made the blend a lot more subtle and had the opacity put very low so that it was almost a ghostly image appearing on top of me. This added a much more natural but disturbing effect especially since the material I used for layering was a sculpture made from a crashed car. I chose this because I wanted to see what effect I could create from what is considered a negative image. I feel like it has a sense of sadness about it which was not my intended meaning and therefore I don't think I will use this as my final as much as I love the visual that is created.


Edit 10:

I gave myself the task with this edit of trying to use the fire image for layering gain but this time I found a portrait which I thought would work with it much better in terms of shape and lighting. I feel like this fire edit is therefore much more successful then the first one because it has blended a lot more successfully. I really like how the branches across my body have created some really interesting patterns which your eyes follows as you examine the image. The fire which represents my personality could be interpreted as negative however my intention for it was to show the bold passionate side of myself. This could be confusing though for an outside viewer so I may not print this as my final. Also I am concerned that because this image is quite a dark one that when its printed it will come out even duller and detail may be lost.

Overall I think this set of images are stronger than my first shoot because they look a lot more professional. in terms of composition and lighting. I must choose just one image as my final to print but I feel like I have already narrowed down my choices through this self evaluation and criticism. I feel like there are some strong photos here which are possible as my final.

Self Portrait Shoot 2

I found through my portrait experiments in shoot 1 that the contrast of light was key to making the images blend. It made the layered image more visible in the light and then disappear into the darkness so that they actually looked like they were part of my body. This then led me to decided that for my second shoot I wanted to use the Photographic studio. This would allow me to use the flash and all the other lighting which is positionable. This means that I can create a much more controlled sense of contrast across my body and face which is what I need. It also means that I will have a much plainer backdrop to use too which is ideal and therefore my photos will look much more professional. After a studio session here is my contacts of the shoot in full. The first images our not of me as this was me positioning the light and setting up the camera how I wanted it then I switched places with her so that she could take the photos for me under my direction:

With my first set of photos from shoot 1 I felt like I over exposed some of them which left me loosing a lot of detail so with this shoot I deliberately avoided this and instead under exposed them slightly so that I could add the contrast in the the right amount in most production. I am really happy with how this shoot has turned out because it looks much more professional and was much more planned out so I feel like I'm going to get the final results I am hoping for with these.

Portrait Shoot 1 Edits

After time spent editing on Photoshop here are my finals from shoot 1:

Edit 1:

I feel with this image that the layering of the butterflies creates interesting shapes and colours however it isn't clear to an outside viewer what it is. However I like that its quite mysterious because I'm making a statement about peoples personality's versus there exterior looks. The image inside me is a representation of this battle so I don't think its vital if its not 100% clear what it is. My favourite part of this is how the light is where the butterflies show up but then they are lost in the shadows which work well with the message.


Edit 2:

 I really like this edit as I feel like I managed to get the shape of the grass and the flowers to flow with the shapes of my body well. This makes it blend and almost look natural for me to have this on my skin. I like this approach as visually its striking however it has a lack of contrast between the two layers which could give off the message that my visual looks and my personality are too different from one another.


Edit 3:

I was not as happy with this edit as I feel like the two images don't work together well at all. Its because the straight lines of the paper contrast against the curves of my body but visually this creates what I feel is a mess. I do like how I have got the writing most visible in the shadows but disappearing in the light because this helps my message but losing on the visual is not worth it. Now I know that its better to work with shapes and curves rather than straight lines.


Edit 4:

I really like the positioning of the top layer on this image because I have tried to line up my eye with the owls eye. I think this makes a common link for the audience between my personality and my exterior however it still shows the contrast of the two sides of me. Again I really like the effect of having the picture most visible on one side of me in the shadows then its fades out in the bright light which also helps it blend and work together.


Edit 4 (Black and White):

I then tried this same edit but in black and white. I really like how losing the colour adds more drama to it by enhancing the dark and the light creating more contrast. I also like how having it in black and white has enhanced the texture especially of the feathers which adds more interest. You could argue however that you do loose some of  the details of the layered image through making it black and white but I don't think this ruins the image.


Edit 5:

I found that this image wasn't too successfully visually because I think the sunflower image layered on top was too much of a close up. I thought it might be nice to show the detail of the sunflower but you cant actually recognise what it is properly once its layered with my portrait. Part of me likes the abstract feel to this but I don't think it is the best way to communicate my message.

Overall I am happy with my edit experiments made from shoot 1 because I feel like it has given me a chance to play around with the different effects I can create through this process on Photoshop and its also let me see which images are most successful to layer with so that I know which will be best for my finals.

Editing Portrait Images

After capturing my first set of self portrait images I then went through them and picked out which images I thought of as my best in terms of compositions and lighting. I also then went through my personal photography work from the past and chose some interesting images that I thought would express who I was but also images that used interesting shapes and colours. These would be my images to layer with each portrait. I then went on to edit these in Photoshop using layering techniques to create the double exposure effects that I had been looking into. Here is the process that I went through with each image:

Step 1:

I imported my chosen portrait into Photoshop as my first background layer.

Step 2:

I then decided to crop my image down to frame it better and help the composition.

Step 3:

I then imported the image that I wanted to blend it with as a new layer so that it sits on top.

Step 4:

I then right clicked on the tab for this top layer in the bottom right of the screen. This then brought up the layer options and I clicked Rasterize Layer which means I can now edit that layer a lot more.

Step 5:

I then changed the opacity of this top layer using the opacity slider which again is located at the bottom right corner next to the layer tabs. I put the opacity down enough so that I could see both images as clearly as possible.

Step 6:

I then clicked on the free transform option found under the image option menu. This then aloud to me position, rotate and change the scale of this top image. Having the opacity at about 50% also aloud me to be able to see the best way to make it sit well with my face shapes. I pressed enter when I was happy to finalise the positioning.

Step 7:

Next I began to play with blending and merging effects. These effects are again in the bottom right corner by the layer tabs. Next to the opacity slider there is a menu with lots of different effects to use which begins off just as normal. I then scrolled through these till I found one which was the most effective. For this particular image I used the overlay option from this menu however it depends completely on the image as to which one works best.

Step 8:

I then used a very soft eraser tool to begin carefully rubbing out all the areas of the layered image which fell on the background and not on my skin. This was very difficult around the hair but using such a soft eraser did make this easier as its much more forgiving.

step 9:

Once I had finished erasing the background I then went on to observing the image layered on top checking I was happy with everything. For example in this image of the owl there was a hand in the shop which was very distracting on my arm so I used the dodge toll to remove this and make it more trees.

step 10:

I then selected the background layer and went into image options and clicked on adjustments which allowed me to play around with the levels such as brightness and contrast. This is so I can try optimize the image to best show off the layers in a way so that they blend but still contrast.

Step 11:

I also experimented by seeing what the images looked like in back and white. I did this by going back onto the image menu and clicking adjustments then black and white. It then brought up a menu where I could then customised the black and white effect I wanted through each colour channel. I had to do this for each layer one at a time.

Step 12:

I then had a go at trying to whiten the background up rather than it looking grey. I did this by using a very soft paintbrush and using a off white tone so that it was whitened but not too obviously.

This process is used through out each edit however all the settings and options required are different for each image as they all have different values and I also wanted to create different effects for each one.

Dance Film Inspiration

Before I began editing my dance footage from the dance shoot I wanted to get some inspiration and see what kind of techniques and styles I ca use when creating it. I began by looking into videos suggested to me and here our the links to my favourites:

Inspiration 1-


I found this Dance video particularly interesting because of the pace of the shots. I really like how it creates a faster panicked effect by having quick cuts between shots only showing each one for a second or so. With these sections I notice a lot of the shots are suddenly close ups which then along with the quick pace add an abstract feel to the peice. I also like the way it then calms down through the use of shots again by then having a long shot which lingers on the screen for a much more substantial length of time. This creates contrast in the piece between many different paces and shots therefore also playing with the audiences feelings. As a viewer you suddenly go from panic to calm and it keeps you interested because you are trying to work out the story this is telling you. I feel like it could possible be about a frustrated couple showing there emotions running wild. I want to try and add emption to my piece and possibly even a story.

Inspiration 2-

https://www.nfb.ca/film/pas_de_deux_en

What I admire about this piece is how ahead of its time it was with the unique style it has to it considering it was produced in 1968. I again love the abstract feel to it by having a high contrast visual lighting effect. This adds drama to the piece but also makes you suddenly see the dancers as a series of shapes. I also like the interesting overlapping of footage which makes you again admire the shapes and it adds more of a pattern to the piece. I like the way they focus on certain movements at a time by having it repeat itself again over the top of something else. I think this could be really interesting to experiment with doing in my own Dance piece. I feel like I am naturally drawn to more abstract ways of working.

Inspiration 3-


This piece is very different to the style I might think of working in myself but I still really like how it shows me the importance of music for continuity purposes. In this piece the music and sound effects are in perfect harmony with the dance. It is the music that was obviously chosen for the piece which makes it easier where as with our dance footage there was no music so we will have to find a track ourselves to put to it. I also find the pace of the editing sits so flawlessly with the music in the piece because you don't actually hardly notice that you've changed angle because it just flows. This was because it used ver long shots and slow cuts to much the gentle slow paced music. I want to make sure my editing pace matches the music and the dance so that it all links in successfully.

Continuity and Filming Practice

After being taught how to use the film cameras we then into much more detail on the logistics of capturing good footage. We got set task through out the day in groups which taught us a lot about continuity and filming. Firstly we talked about the 180 degree rule in which we were asked to capture a conversation without crossing the line. Secondly we looked into cutting between walking shots and how you always need a character crossing the screen in the same direction to keep the continuity and not confuse the audience. Shooting these walking scenes also helped us learn how to track safely with the cameras always having someone behind you whilst your filming to check your not going to walk into anything or fall at all. This is mainly for safety but to also protect the cameras. Our last task was to look into a 3 person conversation and see the best way to film it. We focused on the direction of conversation so always remembering which way each character must look at each other on the screen so the audience can follow it. Here is what I have created from the footage we took:


Continuity when Filming Practice from Billie Williams on Vimeo.

I think we had good practice with the cameras and I feel like I really understood the techniques of filming that we were taught.

Another task we also got to do with the cameras was to film someone's attempt at making an origami crane. This gave us more of a chance to experiment with camera angles in particular I focused on close ups as this was key to showing the audience the detail of what he was doing. It also let me understand the importance of continuity even more because we were having to be really careful when filming to try not to miss any of what he was doing so that we could edit all the shots together successfully. Here is what I have edited together from the footage:


Origami continuity practice from Billie Williams on Vimeo.

I was really happy with how well it worked because we managed to capture some really interesting shots. Also I feel like our continuity of the action was successful but I feel like we could have improved this further by keeping the white balance the same for every shot. The problem was that every time we changed angle we readjusted all the setting on the camera including the white balance which was done a bit too noticeably some some shots are much brighter than others. I am still proud of what we managed to produce on such a small time scale.

Editing Practice

In groups we were given a set of photos which were taken during the 2010 student protests and riots and with theses photos we were asked to create a story from them in an hour. This meant we had to go through and decide which photos we would use and which side of the story we would take. It also gave us a chance to practice our editing skills on Adobe Premier Pro.

The first thing my group did was research online the facts about what happened. We also watched videos that we found taken at the scenes of the riots. We then used this information to decide what angle we wanted to take on the events. we decided that we agreed with the views of the students at the time and we think its unfair that the tuition fees were increased. However we didn't want to completely stick to being one sided as we didn't necessarily agree with the behaviour of some of the people at the riots. Therefore we decided we were going to be factual but show you why the students were angry through the use of text. Here is the short video we made:


The winter of Discontent from Billie Williams on Vimeo.

I feel this excise was useful because it let me refresh my editing knowledge. I feel however that if we had more time we could have achieved a lot more with this video. We could have managed our time better by not spending as much time as we did researching at the beginning. However I feel have reached our goal of not being biased but simply explaining why the students were angry and showing the audience briefly what happened. I think the most successful parts of the video our the use of the sound which we found online from the actual protests. I also think the text was very effective. Overall I feel like what we achieved was good but given more time we could have made it go a lot further.

Self Portrait Shoot 1

Because at the start of this project I was unable access to the studio I decided to use natural light for my first photo shoot. I thought this would be a really good way to start as well because I can then move onto the studio and compare the results at the end. I planned this shoot to be done at 4 in the afternoon because this is when the sun is still bright however it is beginning to set so it creates a more directional light. I also chose to do the shoot indoors because then I could use the plain background of a white wall rather than having to cut the faces out of a background in post production. I use the location of my hallway for the shoot because it gave me an amazing  direction of light coming in through the front door. Here are the contacts unaltered from my first shoot:

Self Portrait Research and Inspiration

After my brainstorm I had established that double exposures and layering of images would be a key technique for me to express myself in this project. It would give me a chance to show comparison between my exterior looks and then the meaningful interior such as my personality.

I began by looking into double exposure which first began in the days of film photography when photographers would expose two different images onto the same piece of film. This would have much more random results:

This is an analogue double exposure by Florian Imgrund which I found through online research. I really like the ghostly feel to it with the soft shapes and lines. However I really want to create a stronger comparison in my work between the two images so I have now gone on to look at more refined works making these images digitally:

This image is by Acearchie and again was found on a blog through online research. What really inspires me about this image is the way the two images themselves are very bold but they blur so seamlessly. I think the skill is in the lighting because there is clear directional light coming from the right hand side of the model. This gives her face definition but allows the second image to fall in the shadows but still be visible.

This image is by Alexandra Cameron and again uses the idea of double exposure in a digital refined way. I really like the way shapes play a big part in this image. They match so well together because the shapes of the waves and the sea have been carefully positioned to flow with the shapes of her body. Also in the same way as before light plays an important part in this. You can see that it is the areas of shade which blend well into the second image of the sea and then the lightened features of her face stay much lighter and the second image is much fainter in these areas. This is again what makes the blend so seamless.

Self Portrait Brainstorm

What became apparent to me after making this mind map was that it was what was inside people that interested me more than just the aesthetics of people. This mattered to me even more because its a self portrait project so I knew I had to be the centre of attention. Personally I feel that it is someone's personality that means the most and also the idea of emotions. I wanted to find a way to combine the deeper side of me with the almost fake image of myself so the layering of images seemed to be a common technique that kept reoccurring in my thought process. This is where I want to begin with my research and exploration.

Photographic Camera Workshop

We had a camera workshop to help remind us of some of the beyond the basics and need to knows when operating a stills camera:

Red Head Lighting Workshop

Using 640Watt Red Head Film Lights:

When setting up this lighting you always need to check the stand is stable and secure before putting the lights on top. The best way to do this is to make sure you spread the three bottom feet out as wide as possible so that it as a large surface area making it much steadier. You need to make sure that all the screws are done up as tight as possible to avoid anything getting broken. Once set up and plugged in you can begin experimenting with them:

The barn doors are the four adjustable panels at the side of the main light. These are a good way to control the light so if you fold them in they focus the light in one spot much more an if you open them out wide you have a wider area of light. However when adjusting these you need to make sure you always wear gloves because these lights produce so much heat that the barn doors also heat up as well.

You can also use different heat proof materials as diffusers with these lights to make them much less harsh. These materials can withstand the heat produced off the light so you can only use these, if you were to use non heat proof materials you could potentially cause a fire. You must again wear gloves whilst attaching these because they need to be clipped to the barn doors which get very hot. You can use wooden pegs to clip these on to the barn doors as they can also withstand the heat produced.

Another useful technique when using these lights is to reflect the light onto the subject instead of having it directly pointing at them. Again this really helps to defuse the amount of light hitting your subject which makes it look a lot more softer. There are many materials you can use to do this such as photographic reflectors, polystyrene and even walls.

Image Factory - Basics of Cinematography and Mise-en-scene

We began with the basics of cinematography so looked into different shots types and sizes and then looked out examples of how these have been used successfully in films:

Cinematography continued with mise-en-scene studied:

Immersion - Photographic Composition

Here I have looked into the keys rules of photographic composition. We then applied these to photographs shown by each other looking into the composition and how it worked: